MODULE 5. OPTIMIZATIONS
This tab is used to visualize the fit cases that have been created and facilitate the creation of new models.
Figure 69. Optimization Section.
Top bar widgets:
Figure 70. Optimization Top Buttons.
Categorization
Enables users to filter or group models based on the hierarchy defined in the environment (e.g., by field or asset).
**Refresh
**Reloads the current view or undoes recent changes.
Customizing Columns
Users can personalize and arrange the display columns to suit their workflow preferences. Available columns include:
- Name. Name attributed to the model.
- Status. Offers an overview of the current state of the model. Status are:
- Running.
- Pending.
- Failed.
- Terminated.
- Created Date. Indicates the date when a specific model was generated.
- Run Time. Indicates the duration or time taken for the execution of the model.
Bulk Actions
Perform multiple actions for a group of models selected. Options are:
- Mark as Favorite.
- Marked as Locked.
- Marked as Restricted.
- Marked as Target.
Search Bar
Allows users to enter keywords or phrases to quickly locate relevant models.
New Optimization
Use this option to run a new optimization case and access the optimization wizard creation.
Chart columns and options:
Checkbox
Enables the selection of one or multiple models for batch actions.
Column Names
The table columns reflect the attributes listed in the Customizing Columns section, helping users visualize model data at a glance.
Three-dot button:
The three-dot button beside each model provides quick access to advanced actions, offering a clean and intuitive interface. The following options may be available:
- Edit
- Modify Name & Description.
- Actions
- Toggle Favorite.
- Toggle Restricted.
- Toggle Target.
- Remove Optimization.
5.1 NEW OPTIMIZATION CREATION
The wizard initiates a step-by-step workflow to configure a new optimization case. The process dynamically adapts based on the selected optimization type.
5.1.1 General
5.1.1.1 What type of Optimization do you want to run?
Figure 71. General Tab: Optimization Type.
In this tab, you can choose the type of optimization to perform: Injection Optimization, Producer Optimization, Infill Drilling Optimization, or Conversion/Reactivation Optimization. The selected optimization type will define the configuration steps needed for the case setup.
5.1.1.2 Injection Optimization
5.1.1.2.1 Now, give your optimization a name, description and select the model to run the optimization from
Figure 72. General Tab: Name and Description.
Characterization of the model, the options displayed are:
- Name. Case name.
- Description. Optional text to describe the model.
- Use an existing Model. Select the model you want to optimize from the list, or use the search bar for faster access.
Edit Well Status in Optimization
Select Yes to allow modification of the current injector well status during the optimization process. Select No to keep each well’s status unchanged, using its last recorded historical state.
5.1.1.2.2 Now, select a scenario as the base case to run your optimization
Figure 73. General Tab: Select the Scenario.
Select the desired scenario to optimize. If the chosen fit includes any 'what-if' scenarios, they will be displayed in the scenario list and available for selection.
5.1.1.2.3 At what level do you want to run your optimizations?
Figure 74. Level Tab: Select the Optimization Level.
Select the level at which the optimization should be performed:
- Layer Level. 2. Well Level. 3. Mandrel Level.
5.1.1.2.4 Pricing
Configure Pricing
In this tab, define the prices for produced and injected phases, along with the associated operational costs required for the optimization. The following inputs are available:
- Oil Cost – Sales price received per barrel of produced oil ($/bbl).
- Water Cost – Cost per barrel of injected water ($/bbl).
- Lift Cost – Net lifting cost to bring one barrel of fluid to the surface ($/bbl).
- Change Cost – Operational charge applied for each schedule adjustment ($/change).
Figure 75. Pricing Tab: Pricing Deck.
Net Present Value (NPV) calculations for Injection Scenarios rely on the user-defined oil price, injectant cost, and lift cost. These price inputs are managed through a spreadsheet-style table within this tab, allowing monthly, quarterly, or yearly variations using click-and-drag functionality. Once the desired price deck is configured, assign a name and click Save.
Advanced button
Offers the option to set the price deck status or schedule it for future dates, allowing prices to be defined at different points in time.
Figure 75. Pricing Tab: Advanced Pricing Deck.
Top bar option tabs:
Data
- Basic button. Opens the initial price deck configuration window.
- Save. Save the modifications made directly in the table.
Home
- Arrow Back. Reverts the last action performed (Undo).
- Arrow Forward. Restores the last undone action (Redo).
- Save. Save the modifications made directly in the table.
Table Display:
The table allows manual modification of the pricing deck and the scheduling of changes over different time periods, as desired.
Columns:
- Date. Effective date of the pricing entry.
- Oil Cost. Sales price per barrel of produced oil ($/bbl).
- Water Cost. Cost per barrel of injected water ($/bbl).
- Lift Cost. Net lifting cost to bring one barrel of fluid to the surface ($/bbl).
- Change Cost. Operational charge per schedule adjustment ($/change).
Rows:
- Each row represents the date from which the corresponding price deck values will be applied.
Bottom options:
- “+” Button. Creates a new price deck. Click the ‘+’ button at the bottom of the spreadsheet to add one. Within each deck, prices can be defined by date to evaluate the impact of temporal price changes on profitability.
5.1.1.2.5 Injectors
Select the Injectors to modify for your optimization
The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the following tabs for considering in the optimization analysis.
Figure 76. Injectors Tab: Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
All Injectors
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Constant Injection
Indicates whether the injection rate is fixed after optimization. When this box is checked, the simulator is allowed to modify the injection rate once to determine the optimal value. That optimized rate is then manually preserved by enabling the checkbox.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
Max Water Injection (bbl/d)
Represents the average injection rate across all wells. It is recommended to input a value higher than the current maximum to allow the optimizer to explore a broader range, which helps define the upper limit of the Pareto curve.
Current Water Capacity (bbl)
Indicates the current total water injection volume across all wells.
Max Water Capacity (bbl/d)
Calculated as the product of Max Water Injection and the total number of wells.
Water Injection Rate Change (bbl/d)
This is the “minimum allowed change” of injection rate. The optimizer may suggest 2.4 bbl/day but it will be truncated to 2 bbl/day. Steps of 1 bbl/day are allowed. This means that the optimization will not provide any change recommendation UNLESS is it at least X value different from the base case. Then, above/below that value (absolute difference from the given base case injection rate), the injection rate recommendation could be any number.
- eg: "Water injection rate change" is configured to be 50 bbl/d. - Initial rate for a given well: 123 bbl/d - Optimized rates from various scenarios: 123 bbl/d, 185 bbl/d, 201 bbl/d, 68 bbl/d, etc.
5.1.1.2.6 Status (visible only if ‘Yes’ is selected in Edit Well Status in Optimization)
Figure 77. Status Tab: Status Segment.
You can modify the status of selected well groups directly within the table. The available status options are ‘Injector’ (active) and ‘Closed’. Table modifications are editable in a manner similar to an Excel file. Users can manually input values, paste data from external Excel files, and employ the "drag and fill" option to populate subsequent rows.
Top bar option tabs:
File
The tab provides the option to download and upload the file when modifications are done externally. These functions are initiated through the following buttons:
- Open. Upload the file in Excel format.
- Export. Download the file in Excel format.
- Save. Save the modifications made through the file uploaded or the modifications done directly in the table.
Home
This tab allows to perform the following actions:
- Arrow Back. Reverts the last action performed (Undo).
- Arrow Forward. Restores the last undone action (Redo).
- Save. Save the modifications made through the file uploaded or the modifications done directly in the table.
- Search bar. The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Table display:
The table enables the option to modify manually the wells status, where each column corresponds to 1 well, and each row to 1 month and the number of cumulative days associated. The columns name association and representation are as follows:
- Days: number of days (cumulative) into the forecast.
- Date: dates for the forecast, typically every 30 days.
- Wells Name. The wells selected for the scenario evaluation will display in an individual column.
- Interactive Cells. Modifications can be held through them, the action of status editing must be typed as follows:
- Active well: Injector.
- Inactive well: Closed.
- Active well: Injector.
5.1.1.2.7 Objectives
Objectives define the specific targets of your optimization. A minimum of two objectives must be selected to generate a Pareto front. By default, the system includes common objectives such as minimizing water capacity (Injection Rate), maximizing production over five years, and maximizing Net Present Value (NPV) over five years.
Figure 80. Objectives Tab: Objectives Configuration.
These default objectives can be edited or deleted. To add new objectives, click the "Add Objectives" button located in the top bar.
Figure 81. Objectives Tab: Choose an Objective.
Add Objectives Window
This window displays all the available metrics that can be selected as objective functions. The user must select at least two objectives, each of which can be configured to maximize or minimize the following metrics:
- NPV: Net Present Value in $, typically maximized
- Metric: Maximize or Minimize.
- Years: Define the time period for the calculation.
- Price Deck: Choose a pricing scenario from the “Pricing” tab.
- Discount: Annual discount rate (%).
- Cumulative Oil Production: Cumulative oil produced over the defined period (bbls), typically maximized.
- Metric: Maximize or Minimize.
- Years: Define the time period for the calculation.
- Water Injection Capacity. Maximum injection rate over time (bbls/day), typically maximized.
- Metric: Maximize or Minimize.
- Cumulative Water Production. Total water produced over the defined period (bbls), typically maximized
- Metric: Maximize or Minimize.
- Years: Define the time period for the calculation.
- Changes Per Timestep. Number of injection rate changes during the optimization period, typically minimize.
- Metric: Maximize or Minimize.
- Years: Define the time period for the calculation.
5.1.1.2.8 Constraints
Constraints allow for controlled optimization by defining limits at the field, well, or reservoir level. This enables users to group wells and apply maximum or minimum production or injection limits, which can be customized and adjusted over time.
Figure 82. Constraints Tab: Constraints Configuration.
Two default constraints are displayed, which can be modified or deleted. To add a new constraint, click the ‘Add Constraint’ button located on the top bar.
Figure 83.Constraints Tab: Choose a Constraint.
Choose a Constraint to Add Window
Shows the available constraint options that can be configured for the case, with each option providing a definition to clarify its functionality.
NPV
Net Present Value in $, typically maximized.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the following tabs for considering in the optimization analysis.
Figure 84. Constraints Tab: NPV Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Shows the selected wells to be considered during the evaluation of the optimization constraints.
- Add Parameters.
- Years. Define the time period for the calculation.
- Price Deck. Select Price deck configured in ‘Pricing’ tab.
- Discount. Annual discount rate (%).
- Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
- Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
- Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
Injection
Restrictions on injection rates, volume, and the amount of injection changes.
- Rate. Field wide or group of wells bbl of injected water per day.
- Apply to Each Well. Constraint applied to each wells selected equally.
- Water Rate Limit. Individual limit of bbl/d of injected water. If a group of wells is selected, the limit will be applied per well.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Metric. Greater Than, Equal To or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the optimization analysis.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Water Rate Limit. Individual limit of bbl/d of injected water. If a group of wells is selected, the limit will be applied per well.
- Apply to Each Well. Constraint applied to each wells selected equally.
Figure 85. Constraints Tab: Injection Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
- Add Parameters.
Target.
Start Date.
End Date.
- Upload. Automate the process by uploading a CSV file containing the necessary information to create the constraint. This method is recommended for a large number of wells.
Figure 86. Constraints Tab: Upload Constraints.
- Download: Click the button to download the example file. - Upload: Upload the modified file with constraints for each well.
- Apply to Group. Constraint applied to a group of wells as an entity or at field level.
- Cumulative Water per Timestep. Limit of bbl/d of injected water. The value set will be applied as a group constraint.
- Metric. Greater Than, Equal To or Less Than.
- Add Parameter.
- Target. Target based on the metric selected.
- Start Date. Starting date of the range.
- End Date. Ending date of the range.
- Water Capacity. Field wide bbl of injected water per day (cold water equivalent), typically Less Than.
- Metric. Greater Than, Equal To or Less Than.
- Add Parameter.
- Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
- Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
- Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
- Cumulative Water per Timestep. Limit of bbl/d of injected water. The value set will be applied as a group constraint.
Volume
Field cumulative water or gas over a specific time period.
- Cumulative Water. Cumulative bbl of water (cold water equivalent) over the specified time period, typically minimized.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the optimization analysis.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
Figure 87. Constraints Tab: Volume Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
- Add Parameters. - Years. Define the time period for the calculation. - Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible. - Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit. - Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
Change
Scenario distance and field number of changes per phase and timestep.
- Scenario Distance. Quantifies how "different" a scenario is from the base scenario, typically Less Than.
- Number of Changes per Timestep. Number of changes per timestep in the injector wells.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Add Parameters.
- Target. Target based on the metric selected.
- Start Date. Starting date of the range.
- End Date. Ending date of the range.
- Injection Changes Per Timestep. Number of changes per timestep in the injector wells.
- Metric. Greater Than, Equal To or Less Than.
- Add Parameters.
- Target. Target based on the metric selected.
- Start Date. Starting date of the range.
- End Date. Ending date of the range.
Production
Restrictions on oil, water, gas and liquid production over a specific time period.
- Oil. Net bbl of produced oil over the specified time period, typically Greater Than.
- Add Parameters.
- Years. Define the time period for the calculation.
- Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
- Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
- Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
- Add Parameters.
- Water. Water production restrictions.
- Water Production. Net bbl over the specified time period, typically Greater Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Metric.
- Water Production Capacity. Field wide bbl of produced water per day.
- Water Production. Net bbl over the specified time period, typically Greater Than.
- Gas. Gas production restrictions.
- Gas Production. Net mscf over the specified time period, typically Greater Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Upload. Upload a csv file with the necessary information to create the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is large.
- Gas Production Capacity. Field mscf of produced gas per day.
- Gas Production (Derived from GLR). Field mscf of produced gas per day, derived from GLR specified by well and Gas Limits per group.
- Gas Production. Net mscf over the specified time period, typically Greater Than.
Pressure
Sets restrictions on injection pressure over a defined time period. A chart is displayed showing the injector wells, allowing the user to assign specific pressure limits to each well as needed
Figure 88. Constraints Tab: Pressure.
Top bar options:
Home
This tab allows to perform the following actions:
- Arrow Back. Reverts the last action performed (Undo).
- Arrow Forward. Restores the last undone action (Redo).
- Save. Save the modifications made through the file uploaded or the modifications done directly in the table.
Table Display
The table allows users to set the maximum Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP) for each injector well included in the project. The columns are defined as follows:
- Wells Name. The wells selected for the scenario evaluation will display in an individual column.
- Reservoir. Indicates the reservoir to which each well belongs.
- Gas Pressure Limit. Sets the maximum allowable gas injection pressure.
- Water Pressure Limit. Sets the maximum allowable water injection pressure.
5.1.1.2.9 Mode
The Mode tab provides the available options for running an optimization case.
Mode Tab: Modes.
The options available are the following:
- Speed. Finishes fastest, good for quick sanity checks. Fewer generations & smaller population. Executes 200 scenarios and presents the top 50 results.
- Balance. Recommended for everyday work. Balanced run-time versus solution quality. Executes 2000 scenarios and presents the top 75 results.
- Precision. Longest run, exhaustive search with more generations for the highest-quality Pareto set. Executes 8000 scenarios and presents the top 100 results.
- Custom. Define generations, population size, and other advanced settings.
5.1.1.2.10 Advanced (Enabled when Custom mode is selected)
Top bar options:
Default Generic
Use generic data in each advanced parameter as a first approach.
Detailed Run
Quick Test
It is used to make a quick run.
Figure 89. Advanced Tab: Advanced Configurations.
Advanced settings give more control over the optimization run. Is made up of:
Offspring Count
Denotes the, to be evolved, population size. A larger population size increases the algorithm’s exploration power and therefore decreases the probability of getting trapped in a local optimum, which comes at the cost of additional computational cost (values between 50 and 200 are recommended).
Max Elites
Denotes the size of the pool of elite individuals which, at any moment, corresponds to the optimal solution/s to the problem. In single-objective optimization, the pool consists of the best individual encountered during the evolution, while in multi-objective optimization this is the maximum number of Pareto front entries (values of 1 (for SOO) up to 200 (for MOO) are recommended).
Mutation Probability
After recombination, every offspring undergoes mutation. The mutation operator explores the search space by introducing new genetic material into the population. Offspring variables are mutated by small perturbations (controlled by MutationRadius), with low probability (controlled by MutationProbability). [values close to 0.01 and 0.1 are recommended for MutationRadius and MutationProbability respectively]
Dynamic Mutation
Denotes the exponent at which the mutation radius is dynamically reduced as the evolution proceeds (values between 2 and 200 are recommended).
Seed
Random number seed.
Maximum Allowed Generations
Denotes the upper limit to the number of generations to evolve. Evolution stops when one of the Convergence Criteria (MaxEvaluations or MaxAllowedGenerations) is met (values between 20 and 200 are recommended).
Min Ob Change Percent
The minimum objective function change percent
Parent Count
Denotes the parent population size from which the next generation will evolve. Lower parent to offspring ratios increases the exploitation power of the algorithm and therefore increases its speed, this comes at the cost of reduced exploration (parent to offspring ratios between 1/3 and 1/7 are recommended).
Crossover Probability
The crossover (genetic algorithms terminology) or recombination (evolutionary terminology) operator produces new individuals by combining the information contained in the parents. This operator applies with a probability defined by CrossoverProbability (values close to 0.9 are recommended).
Mutation Radius
Quantity of changes in that change of parameters applied with the constraint.
Tournament Size
Using tournament for parent selection, an individual is selected to be a parent if it is the winner of a tournament between other individuals whose number is specified in the corresponding parameter (values between 2 and 5 are recommended).
Max Evaluations
Denotes the upper limit to the number of evaluations to be performed (values between 2000 to 20000 are recommended).
Max Consecutive Generations
The maximum number of consecutive generations.
Optimize with Uncertainty
Add uncertainty to the optimization case.
5.1.1.2.11 Review
The Review tab is used to verify the configuration of the optimization case before running the model. It provides a summary of all key inputs and settings, allowing you to confirm that everything is correctly set up. Once the configuration is reviewed and validated, the model is ready to run.
5.1.1.3 Producer Optimization
5.1.1.3.1 Now, give your optimization a name, description and select the model to run the optimization from
Figure 90. General Tab: Name and Description.
Characterization of the model, the options displayed are:
- Name. Case name.
- Description. Optional text to describe the model.
- Use an existing Model. Select the model you want to optimize from the list, or use the search bar for faster access.
Edit Well Status in Optimization
Select Yes to allow modification of the current producers well status during the optimization process. Select No to keep each well’s status unchanged, using its last recorded historical state.
5.1.1.3.2 Now, select a scenario as the base case to run your optimization
Figure 91. General Tab: Select the Scenario.
Select the desired scenario to optimize. If the chosen fit includes any 'what-if' scenarios, they will be displayed in the scenario list and available for selection.
5.1.1.3.3 At what level do you want to run your optimizations?
Select the level at which the optimization should be performed:
- Layer Level. 2. Well Level. 3. Mandrel Level.
5.1.1.3.4 Pricing
Configure Pricing
In this tab, define the prices for produced and injected phases, along with the associated operational costs required for the optimization. The following inputs are available:
- Oil Cost – Sales price received per barrel of produced oil ($/bbl).
- Water Cost – Cost per barrel of injected water ($/bbl).
- Lift Cost – Net lifting cost to bring one barrel of fluid to the surface ($/bbl).
- Change Cost – Operational charge applied for each schedule adjustment ($/change).
Figure 75. Pricing Tab: Pricing Deck.
Net Present Value (NPV) calculations for Injection Scenarios rely on the user-defined oil price, injectant cost, and lift cost. These price inputs are managed through a spreadsheet-style table within this tab, allowing monthly, quarterly, or yearly variations using click-and-drag functionality. Once the desired price deck is configured, assign a name and click Save.
Advanced button
Offers the option to set the price deck status or schedule it for future dates, allowing prices to be defined at different points in time.
Figure 75. Pricing Tab: Advanced Pricing Deck.
Top bar option tabs:
Data
- Basic button. Opens the initial price deck configuration window.
- Save. Save the modifications made directly in the table.
Home
- Arrow Back. Reverts the last action performed (Undo).
- Arrow Forward. Restores the last undone action (Redo).
- Save. Save the modifications made directly in the table.
Table Display:
The table allows manual modification of the pricing deck and the scheduling of changes over different time periods, as desired.
Columns:
- Date. Effective date of the pricing entry.
- Oil Cost. Sales price per barrel of produced oil ($/bbl).
- Water Cost. Cost per barrel of injected water ($/bbl).
- Lift Cost. Net lifting cost to bring one barrel of fluid to the surface ($/bbl).
- Change Cost. Operational charge per schedule adjustment ($/change).
Rows:
- Each row represents the date from which the corresponding price deck values will be applied.
Bottom options:
- “+” Button. Creates a new price deck. Click the ‘+’ button at the bottom of the spreadsheet to add one. Within each deck, prices can be defined by date to evaluate the impact of temporal price changes on profitability.
5.1.1.3.5 Producers
Select the Producers to modify for your optimization
The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the following tabs for considering in the optimization analysis.
Figure 93. Producers Tab: Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
All Producers
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Constant BHP
Indicates whether the BHP remains fixed after optimization. When checked, the simulator can adjust the BHP once to determine the optimal value, which is then maintained throughout the prediction period.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
Maximum BHP (psi)
- Represents the average BHP across all wells. It is recommended to input a value higher than the current maximum to allow the optimizer to explore a broader range, which helps define the upper limit of the Pareto curve.
Minimum BHP Change (psi)
This is the “minimum allowed change” of BHP.
5.1.1.3.6 Status (visible only if ‘Yes’ is selected in Edit Well Status in Optimization)
Figure 94. Status Tab: Status Segment.
You can modify the status of selected well groups directly within the table. The available status options are ‘Producer’ (active) and ‘Closed’. Table modifications are editable in a manner similar to an Excel file. Users can manually input values, paste data from external Excel files, and employ the "drag and fill" option to populate subsequent rows.
Top bar option tabs:
File
The tab provides the option to download and upload the file when modifications are done externally. These functions are initiated through the following buttons:
- Open. Upload the file in Excel format.
- Export. Download the file in Excel format.
- Save. Save the modifications made through the file uploaded or the modifications done directly in the table.
Home
This tab allows to perform the following actions:
- Arrow Back. Reverts the last action performed (Undo).
- Arrow Forward. Restores the last undone action (Redo).
- Save. Save the modifications made through the file uploaded or the modifications done directly in the table.
- Search bar. The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Table display:
The table enables the option to modify manually the wells status, where each column corresponds to 1 well, and each row to 1 month and the number of cumulative days associated. The columns name association and representation are as follows:
- Days: Number of days (cumulative) into the forecast.
- Date: Dates for the forecast, typically every 30 days.
- Wells Name. The wells selected for the scenario evaluation will display in an individual column.
- Interactive Cells. Modifications can be held through them, the action of status editing must be typed as follows:
- Active well: Producer.
- Inactive well: Closed.
- Active well: Producer.
5.1.1.3.7 Objectives
Objectives define the specific targets of your optimization. A minimum of two objectives must be selected to generate a Pareto front. By default, the system includes common objectives such as maximizing production over five years, and maximizing Net Present Value (NPV) over five years.
Figure 97. Objectives Tab: Objectives Configuration.
These default objectives can be edited or deleted. To add new objectives, click the "Add Objectives" button located in the top bar.
Figure 98. Objectives Tab: Choose an Objective.
Add Objectives Window
This window displays all the available metrics that can be selected as objective functions. The user must select at least two objectives, each of which can be configured to maximize or minimize the following metrics:
- NPV: Net Present Value in $, typically maximized 1. Metric: Maximize or Minimize. 2. Years: Define the time period for the calculation. 3. Price Deck: Choose a pricing scenario from the “Pricing” tab. 4. Discount: Annual discount rate (%). 2. Cumulative Oil Production: Cumulative oil produced over the defined period (bbls), typically maximized. 1. Metric: Maximize or Minimize. 2. Years: Define the time period for the calculation. 3. Water Production. Net bbl over the specified time period, typically Greater Than. 1. Metric: Maximize or Minimize. 2. Years: Define the time period for the calculation. 4. Water Production Capacity: Field wide bbl of produced water per day. 1. Metric: Maximize or Minimize. 2. Years: Define the time period for the calculation. 5. Gas Production: Net mscf over the specified time period, typically Greater Than. 1. Metric: Maximize or Minimize. 2. Years: Define the time period for the calculation. 6. Gas Production Capacity: Field mscf of produced gas per day. 1. Metric: Maximize or Minimize. 2. Years: Define the time period for the calculation. 7. Liquid Production: Net bbl over the specified time period, typically Greater Than. 1. Metric: Maximize or Minimize. 2. Years: Define the time period for the calculation. 8. Liquid Production Capacity: Field bbl of gross production per day. 1. Metric: Maximize or Minimize. 2. Years: Define the time period for the calculation. 9. Gas Production (Derived from GLR): Field mscf of produced gas per day, derived from GLR specified by well and Gas Limits per group. 1. Metric: Maximize or Minimize. 2. Years: Define the time period for the calculation.
5.1.1.3.8 Constraints
Constraints allow for controlled optimization by defining limits at the field, well, or reservoir level. This enables users to group wells and apply maximum or minimum production or facility limits, which can be customized and adjusted over time.
Figure 99. Constraints Tab: Constraints Configuration.
For adding new constraints, click on ‘Add Constraint’ button located at the top bar.
Figure 100.Constraints Tab: Choose a Constraint.
Choose a Constraint to Add Window
Shows the available constraint options that can be configured for the case, with each option providing a definition to clarify its functionality.
NPV
Net Present Value in $, typically maximized.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the following tabs for considering in the optimization analysis.
Figure 101. Constraints Tab: NPV Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Shows the selected wells to be considered during the evaluation of the optimization constraints.
- Add Parameters.
- Years. Define the time period for the calculation.
- Price Deck. Select Price deck configured in ‘Pricing’ tab.
- Discount. Annual discount rate (%).
- Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
- Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
- Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
Production
Restrictions on oil, water, gas and liquid production over a specific time period
- Water. Water production restrictions.
- Water Production. Net bbl over the specified time period, typically Greater Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the optimization analysis.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Water Production. Net bbl over the specified time period, typically Greater Than.
Figure 102. Constraints Tab: Volume Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
Add Parameters.
Years. Define the time period for the calculation.
Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
- Upload. Upload a csv file with the necessary information to create the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is large.
- Water Production Capacity. Field wide bbl of produced water per day.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the optimization analysis.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
Figure 103. Constraints Tab: Volume Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
Add Parameters.
Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
- Upload. Upload a csv file with the necessary information to create the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is large.
- Gas. Gas production restrictions.
- Gas Production. Net mscf over the specified time period, typically Greater Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the optimization analysis.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Gas Production. Net mscf over the specified time period, typically Greater Than.
Figure 104. Constraints Tab: Volume Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
Add Parameters.
Years. Define the time period for the calculation.
Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
- Upload. Upload a csv file with the necessary information to create the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is large.
- Gas Production Capacity. Field mscf of produced gas per day.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the optimization analysis.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
Figure 105. Constraints Tab: Volume Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
Add Parameters.
Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
- Upload. Upload a csv file with the necessary information to create the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is large.
- Gas Production (Derived from GLR). Field mscf of produced gas per day, derived from GLR specified by well and Gas Limits per group.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the optimization analysis.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
Figure 106. Constraints Tab: Volume Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
Add Parameters.
Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
- Upload. Upload a csv file with the necessary information to create the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is large.
- Liquid Production. Net bbl over the specified time period, typically Greater Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the optimization analysis.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
Figure 107. Constraints Tab: Volume Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
Add Parameters.
Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
- Upload. Upload a csv file with the necessary information to create the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is large.
- Liquid Production Capacity. Field bbl of gross production per day.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the optimization analysis.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- In app. Use the tools in the app to define the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is small.
Figure 108. Constraints Tab: Volume Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
Add Parameters.
Limit. Maximum/minimum threshold value. Solutions beyond this value will be infeasible.
Relaxed Limit. Expanded threshold value, which temporarily allows iterations beyond the specified limit during the early phases of the optimization algorithm. The relaxed Limit is typically set 10% beyond the limit.
Penalization. Used to control the exponential penalty imposed on solutions between Limit and Relaxed Limit values. Must be non-negative, typically set = 3.
- Upload. Upload a csv file with the necessary information to create the constraint. Recommended if the amount of wells is large.
Change
Scenario distance and field number of changes per phase and timestep.
- Changes per Timestep. Number of changes per timestep in the producer wells.
- Metric. Greater Than or Less Than.
- Add Parameters.
- Target. Target based on the metric selected.
- Start Date. Starting date of the range.
- End Date. Ending date of the range.
- BHP Limit. Individual limit of bbl/d of water. If a group of wells is selected, the limit will be applied per well.
- Metric. Greater Than, Equal To or Less Than.
- Select the Wells for this Constraint. The Wells List with the option to select or unselect, allows an efficient management of the wells required to be included in the optimization analysis.
- Metric. Greater Than, Equal To or Less Than.
Figure 109. Constraints Tab: Volume Constraints Wells Selection.
Search Bar
The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
Select All Wells
The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
Filters button
Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), FaultBlock or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
Wells List Chart
Selection of all or a group of wells desire to be targeted during the optimization evaluation.
Your Selection List
Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account during the optimization evaluation, and that will be available for editing in the following tabs.
- Add Parameters. - Target. Target based on the metric selected. - Start Date. Starting date of the range. - End Date. Ending date of the range.
5.1.1.3.9 Mode
The Mode tab provides the available options for running an optimization case.
Mode Tab: Modes.
The options available are the following:
- Speed. Finishes fastest, good for quick sanity checks. Fewer generations & smaller population. Executes 200 scenarios and presents the top 50 results.
- Balance. Recommended for everyday work. Balanced run-time versus solution quality. Executes 2000 scenarios and presents the top 75 results.
- Precision. Longest run, exhaustive search with more generations for the highest-quality Pareto set. Executes 8000 scenarios and presents the top 100 results.
- Custom. Define generations, population size, and other advanced settings.
5.1.1.3.10 Advanced
Top bar options:
Default Generic
Use generic data in each advanced parameter as a first approach.
Detailed Run
Quick Test
It is used to make a quick run.
Figure 110. Advanced Tab. Advanced Configurations.
Advanced settings give more control over the optimization run. Is made up of:
Offspring Count
Denotes the, to be evolved, population size. A larger population size increases the algorithm’s exploration power and therefore decreases the probability of getting trapped in a local optimum, which comes at the cost of additional computational cost (values between 50 and 200 are recommended).
Max Elites
Denotes the size of the pool of elite individuals which, at any moment, corresponds to the optimal solution/s to the problem. In single-objective optimization, the pool consists of the best individual encountered during the evolution, while in multi-objective optimization this is the maximum number of Pareto front entries (values of 1 (for SOO) up to 200 (for MOO) are recommended).
Mutation Probability
After recombination, every offspring undergoes mutation. The mutation operator explores the search space by introducing new genetic material into the population. Offspring variables are mutated by small perturbations (controlled by MutationRadius), with low probability (controlled by MutationProbability). [values close to 0.01 and 0.1 are recommended for MutationRadius and MutationProbability respectively]
Dynamic Mutation
Denotes the exponent at which the mutation radius is dynamically reduced as the evolution proceeds (values between 2 and 200 are recommended).
Seed
Random number seed.
Maximum Allowed Generations
Denotes the upper limit to the number of generations to evolve. Evolution stops when one of the Convergence Criteria (MaxEvaluations or MaxAllowedGenerations) is met (values between 20 and 200 are recommended).
Min Ob Change Percent
The minimum objective function change percent
Parent Count
Denotes the parent population size from which the next generation will evolve. Lower parent to offspring ratios increases the exploitation power of the algorithm and therefore increases its speed, this comes at the cost of reduced exploration (parent to offspring ratios between 1/3 and 1/7 are recommended).
Crossover Probability
The crossover (genetic algorithms terminology) or recombination (evolutionary terminology) operator produces new individuals by combining the information contained in the parents. This operator applies with a probability defined by CrossoverProbability (values close to 0.9 are recommended).
Mutation Radius
Quantity of changes in that change of parameters applied with the constraint.
Tournament Size
Using tournament for parent selection, an individual is selected to be a parent if it is the winner of a tournament between other individuals whose number is specified in the corresponding parameter (values between 2 and 5 are recommended).
Max Evaluations
Denotes the upper limit to the number of evaluations to be performed (values between 2000 to 20000 are recommended).
Max Consecutive Generations
The maximum number of consecutive generations.
Optimize with Uncertainty
Add uncertainty to the optimization case.
5.1.1.3.11 Review
The Review tab is used to verify the configuration of the optimization case before running the model. It provides a summary of all key inputs and settings, allowing you to confirm that everything is correctly set up. Once the configuration is reviewed and validated, the model is ready to run.
5.1.1.4 Infill Drilling Optimization
5.1.1.4.1 Now, give your optimization a name, description and select the model to run the optimization from
Figure 111. General Tab: Name and Description.
Characterization of the model, the options displayed are:
- Name. Case name.
- Description. Optional text to describe the model.
- Use an existing Model. Select the model you want to optimize from the list, or use the search bar for faster access.
5.1.1.4.2 Now, select a scenario as the base case to run your optimization
Figure 112. General Tab: Select the Scenario.
Select the desired scenario to optimize. If the selected fit includes 'what-if' scenarios, they will appear in the scenario list for selection.
5.1.1.4.3 Pricing
Configure Pricing
In this tab, define the prices for produced and injected phases, along with the associated operational costs required for the optimization. The following inputs are available:
- Oil Cost – Sales price received per barrel of produced oil ($/bbl).
- Water Cost – Cost per barrel of injected water ($/bbl).
- Lift Cost – Net lifting cost to bring one barrel of fluid to the surface ($/bbl).
Pricing Tab: Pricing Deck.
Net Present Value (NPV) calculations for Injection Scenarios rely on the user-defined oil price, injectant cost, and lift cost. These price inputs are managed through a spreadsheet-style table within this tab, allowing monthly, quarterly, or yearly variations using click-and-drag functionality. Once the desired price deck is configured, assign a name and click Save.
Advanced button
Offers the option to set the price deck status or schedule it for future dates, allowing prices to be defined at different points in time.
Figure 113. Pricing Tab: Pricing Deck.
Top bar option tabs:
Data
- Basic button. Opens the initial price deck configuration window.
- Save. Save the modifications made directly in the table.
Home
- Arrow Back. Reverts the last action performed (Undo).
- Arrow Forward. Restores the last undone action (Redo).
- Save. Save the modifications made directly in the table.
Table Display:
The table allows manual modification of the pricing deck and the scheduling of changes over different time periods, as desired.
Columns:
- Date. Effective date of the pricing entry.
- Oil Cost. Sales price per barrel of produced oil ($/bbl).
- Water Cost. Cost per barrel of injected water ($/bbl).
- Lift Cost. Net lifting cost to bring one barrel of fluid to the surface ($/bbl).
Rows:
- Each row represents the date from which the corresponding price deck values will be applied.
Bottom options:
- “+” Button. Creates a new price deck. Click the ‘+’ button at the bottom of the spreadsheet to add one. Within each deck, prices can be defined by date to evaluate the impact of temporal price changes on profitability.
5.1.1.4.4 Parameters
Figure 114. Parameters Tab: New Wells Configuration.
Minimum Distance Between Well
The shortest allowable spacing between two wells to prevent interference and ensure optimal reservoir drainage.
Maximum Completion Length
The upper limit for the total length of a well’s completed interval, often dictated by technical, operational, or reservoir constraints.
Completion length method
The approach or criteria used to determine how much of the wellbore is completed (e.g., based on reservoir quality, mechanical limitations, or economic factors).
BHP for New Wells
Bottomhole Pressure (BHP) estimated or set for new wells, used in modeling to simulate production performance and well behavior.
Convex Hull Radius Parameter
A geometric boundary that defines the spatial extent within which wells or completions can be located, used in optimization to limit drilling zones.
Maximum Number of Drilled Wells
The total number of wells allowed to be drilled within a given scenario, based on budget, infrastructure, or development strategy limits.
5.1.1.4.5 Objectives
Objectives define clear targets for your optimization. You will need to define at least 2 objectives to create the Pareto front. By default, it comes with some typical objectives, including minimizing the number of new wells, maximizing cumulative oil production for 5 years, and maximizing the NPV for 5 years.
Figure 115. Objectives Tab: Objectives Configuration.
These default objectives can be edited or deleted. For adding new ones, click on ‘Add Objectives’ button located at the top bar.
Figure 116. Objectives Tab: Choose an Objective.
Add Objectives Window
Displays the different objective options the case is able to consider as its objective function. Allowing the user to select a minimum of two alternatives for objective functions that can be maximized or minimized in the following six metrics:
NPV: Net Present Value in $, typically maximizedMetric: Maximize or Minimize.
Years: Number of years over which the calculation applies.
Price Deck: Select Price deck configured in “Pricing” tab.
Discount: Annual discount rate (%).
- Number of New Wells.
- Metric: Maximize or Minimize.
- Cumulative Oil Production: Cumulative oil production over a given time period in bbls, typically maximized.
- Metric: Maximize or Minimize.
- Years: Number of years over which the calculation applies.
- Number of New Wells.
5.1.1.4.6 Mode
The Mode tab provides the available options for running an optimization case.
The options available are the following:
- Speed. Finishes fastest, good for quick sanity checks. Fewer generations & smaller population. Executes 200 scenarios and presents the top 50 results.
- Balance. Recommended for everyday work. Balanced run-time versus solution quality. Executes 2000 scenarios and presents the top 75 results.
- Precision. Longest run, exhaustive search with more generations for the highest-quality Pareto set. Executes 8000 scenarios and presents the top 100 results.
- Custom. Define generations, population size, and other advanced settings.
5.1.1.4.7 Advanced
Top bar options:
Default Generic
Use generic data in each advanced parameter as a first approach.
Detailed Run
Quick Test
It is used to make a quick run.
Figure 117. Advanced Tab. Advanced Configurations.
Advanced settings give more control over the optimization run. Is made up of:
Offspring Count
Denotes the, to be evolved, population size. A larger population size increases the algorithm’s exploration power and therefore decreases the probability of getting trapped in a local optimum, which comes at the cost of additional computational cost (values between 50 and 200 are recommended).
Max Elites
Denotes the size of the pool of elite individuals which, at any moment, corresponds to the optimal solution/s to the problem. In single-objective optimization, the pool consists of the best individual encountered during the evolution, while in multi-objective optimization this is the maximum number of Pareto front entries (values of 1 (for SOO) up to 200 (for MOO) are recommended).
Mutation Probability
After recombination, every offspring undergoes mutation. The mutation operator explores the search space by introducing new genetic material into the population. Offspring variables are mutated by small perturbations (controlled by MutationRadius), with low probability (controlled by MutationProbability). [values close to 0.01 and 0.1 are recommended for MutationRadius and MutationProbability respectively]
Dynamic Mutation
Denotes the exponent at which the mutation radius is dynamically reduced as the evolution proceeds (values between 2 and 200 are recommended).
Seed
Random number seed.
Maximum Allowed Generations
Denotes the upper limit to the number of generations to evolve. Evolution stops when one of the Convergence Criteria (MaxEvaluations or MaxAllowedGenerations) is met (values between 20 and 200 are recommended).
Min Ob Change Percent
The minimum objective function change percent
Parent Count
Denotes the parent population size from which the next generation will evolve. Lower parent to offspring ratios increases the exploitation power of the algorithm and therefore increases its speed, this comes at the cost of reduced exploration (parent to offspring ratios between 1/3 and 1/7 are recommended).
Crossover Probability
The crossover (genetic algorithms terminology) or recombination (evolutionary terminology) operator produces new individuals by combining the information contained in the parents. This operator applies with a probability defined by CrossoverProbability (values close to 0.9 are recommended).
Mutation Radius
Quantity of changes in that change of parameters applied with the constraint.
Tournament Size
Using tournament for parent selection, an individual is selected to be a parent if it is the winner of a tournament between other individuals whose number is specified in the corresponding parameter (values between 2 and 5 are recommended).
Max Evaluations
Denotes the upper limit to the number of evaluations to be performed (values between 2000 to 20000 are recommended).
Max Consecutive Generations
The maximum number of consecutive generations.
Optimize with Uncertainty
Add uncertainty to the optimization case.
5.1.1.4.8 Review
The Review tab is used to verify the configuration of the optimization case before running the model. It provides a summary of all key inputs and settings, allowing you to confirm that everything is correctly set up. Once the configuration is reviewed and validated, the model is ready to run.
5.1.1.5 Conversion / Reactivation Optimization
Unavailable for access.
5.2 OPTIMIZATION RESULTS
Results are accessible by clicking on the case name, which automatically displays the corresponding optimization results. The type of results shown will vary depending on the optimization type selected (e.g., Injection Optimization, Producer Optimization, Infill Drilling, or Conversion/Reactivation). Each optimization type generates specific output metrics and visualizations tailored to its objective
5.2.1 Injection Optimization Results
After accessing the optimization case results, result subtabs become available to view and evaluate the outcomes. These subtabs provide different perspectives and levels of detail to support a comprehensive analysis of the optimization results.
5.2.1.1 Pareto
Figure 118. Pareto Results Tab.
Once the scenario case is accessed, the following main tabs can be visualized in the bottom part of the window:
Edit
Allows the ability to use the 'Run As' function on the optimization case, enabling the user to execute it as a standalone scenario. This feature permits modifications to the preconfigured optimization setup, allowing for customized variations and further analysis outside the original optimization framework.
Generations
Enables the visualization of the generations produced during the creation of the Pareto front, prior to filtering and selecting the elite cases.
Dashboard
Leverage external dashboards to compare different scenarios and conduct a more thorough analysis of the results. These dashboards enable the review and plotting of wells with highly configurable options, facilitating the swift identification of wells/layers with the most significant changes.
Pareto Front
This graph displays the base case, represented by a triangle, which assumes a constant water injection rate over time (X-axis) and shows the resulting cumulative oil production (Y-axis) over the time period defined in the objective settings. In addition to the base case, the graph also presents the Pareto front—represented by a set of optimal scenarios where water injection is redistributed to maximize performance. Each point on the Pareto front corresponds to a different injection strategy and its associated cumulative oil production over the same configured time frame, allowing users to visually compare the trade-offs and benefits of each optimized scenario. Additionally, the color axis represents the net present value for the cases obtained.
Lateral Display Options:
When filter lateral options are enabled, the following configuration options will be available for configuring the visual display on the map:
- Measurements. Allows to edit the Pareto display settings and customize the color axis. The available options are as follows:
- X axis. Enables the option to edit the x-axis display.
- Y axis. Enables the option to edit the y-axis display.
- Color Axis. Enables the option to edit the color axis display.
- Metric. Define field or metric units.
- Unfocused. Unfocused the unselected elite scenarios.
- Scenarios. This section allows the selection and inclusion of external what-if scenarios related to the predictive model used in the creation of the optimization case. These scenarios can be incorporated to further evaluate the performance and robustness of the optimization results under different model assumptions or conditions.
- Add. Include a what-if scenario from the predictive model used in the evaluated optimization case. This action enables the selected scenario to be incorporated into the Pareto front for comparison against other optimized solutions.
- Clear. Clear selections.
- Elite Scenario List. Select or unselect the elite cases from the pareto. Each case comes with a three-dot button that enable the following actions:
- Rename Scenario. Allows you to change the name of the selected scenario for easier identification or organization.
- Modify Scenario. Opens the selected scenario for editing, enabling adjustments to the scenario.
- Target Scenario. Marks the scenario as the target or reference case for comparison purposes within the results or visualizations.
- Bookmark Scenario. Saves the scenario as a favorite or important case, making it easier to locate and access later.
- Remove Scenario. Deletes the selected scenario from the current workspace or list of results.
- Run as Scenario. Executes the selected scenario as a what-if, enabling further analysis and validation outside the optimization context.
5.2.1.2 Results
Rate vs time or cumulative vs time: See all the configuration options in the filters section.
Figure 119. Results Tab.
Once the scenario case is accessed, the following main tabs can be visualized in the bottom part of the window:
**
Edit**
Allows the ability to use the 'Run As' function on the optimization case, enabling the user to execute it as a standalone scenario. This feature permits modifications to the preconfigured optimization setup, allowing for customized variations and further analysis outside the original optimization framework.
Show Filter Options
When filter lateral options are enabled, the following configuration options will be available for configuring the visual display on the map:
- Options
- Measurements. Allows graph visualization for Liquid Responsivity, Oil Responsivity, Gas Responsivity, Historical Pressure, Water Saturation and Gas Saturation.
- Scale. Linear or Logarithmic scale to plot the information.
- Plot Type. Rate or Cumulative.
- Include Production History. Add the production history to the forecast evaluation.
- Show min/max/mean. Add the statistical scenarios into the forecast.
- Filter Wells.
- Select Wells. Permit select or unselect a group of wells.
Figure 120. Wells Filter.
- Search bar. The search bar allows you to quickly find the relevant wells within the list.
- Select All Wells. The Wells table enables the selection of all the wells at the same time by using the checkbox next to the wells name.
- Filters button. Wells associated with a certain reservoir (in the case of the reservoir model), Fault Block, or Compartment are selected automatically through this option.
- Wells List Chart. Selection of all or a group of wells (injectors or injectors and Producers) desire to be targeted for results visualization.
- Your Selection Chart. Displays the chosen well selection that will be taken into account for plotting the charts.
- Compare Scenarios. List of elite cases from the pareto that are desired to be compared into the graph visualization.
- Buttons. The available buttons are:
- Apply Filter. Make effective the actions selected through the filters.
- Reset Filter. Reset the selections performed.
Show Tabular Data
Enables access to the tabular data used in the graphs, allowing it to be downloaded for external analysis and evaluation.
Top bar widgets:
File
Provides a button to download the tabular data from the selected sheet.
Data
Enables the following two options:
- Show Dataset Summary.
- Show Production History.
Formatting
This tab allows to perform the following actions:
- Arrow Back. Reverts the last action performed (Undo).
- Arrow Forward. Restores the last undone action (Redo).
Tabular Data Sheets:
- Phase. This chart consists of the following columns:
- Scenarios. Name of the scenario.
- Well Name. Well identifier.
- Reservoir. Name or code of the reservoir.
- Bore. Borehole identifier.
- Statistics. Statistical scenarios. If the ‘min / max / mean’ option was previously selected through the filter options, results for all three scenarios will be shown. Otherwise, only the ‘mean’ is displayed.
- Date. Each date is represented in a separate column.
Figure 121.Phase Sheet.
- Transaction. This chart is conformed by the following columns:
- Scenarios. Name of the scenario.
- Well Name. Well identifier.
- Reservoir. Name or code of the reservoir.
- Bore. Borehole identifier.
- Date.
- Statistics. Statistical scenarios. If the ‘min / max / mean’ option was previously selected through the filter options, results for all three scenarios will be shown. Otherwise, only the ‘mean’ is displayed.
- Phase. The phase data displayed depends on the selections made in the filter options; only the selected phases will appear.
Figure 122.Transaction Sheet.
Dashboard
Leverage external dashboards to compare different scenarios and conduct a more thorough analysis of the results. These dashboards enable the review and plotting of wells with highly configurable options, facilitating the swift identification of wells/layers with the most significant changes.
5.2.1.3 Map
This visualization displays how each production phase—oil, water, gross, and gas—as well as injection volumes, evolve over time. The comparison is made using graphical plots that track changes across the selected time range. The timeline feature allows users to scroll left or right to navigate through different dates, making it easier to analyze and compare the performance of each phase over time.
Figure 123.Map Results Tab.
Once the scenario case is accessed, the following main tabs can be visualized in the bottom part of the window:
Edit
Allows the ability to use the 'Run As' function on the optimization case, enabling the user to execute it as a standalone scenario. This feature permits modifications to the preconfigured optimization setup, allowing for customized variations and further analysis outside the original optimization framework.
Show Filter Options
When filter lateral options are enabled, the following configuration options will be available for configuring the visual display on the map:
- Measurements
- Measurements. Allows graph visualization Oil, Gas, Liquid, Water Injection, Pressure, Water, Gas Injection, WOR, GOR, GLR or Polymer Concentration.
- Base Case. Select the desired Base Case.
- Comparison. Select the elite cases toward which is desired to compare the Base Case.
- Reservoir. Select the reservoir.
- Fault Block. Select the Fault Block.
- Metric. Select Metric or Field units.
- Button. The button enabled is:
- Apply Filter. Make effective the actions selected through the filters.
Play Option
Activate the time-lapse evaluation by clicking the play button, or manually adjust the date to analyze performance over time. This feature allows you to compare the evolution of the elite scenario prescriptions against the base case across the selected time period.
Dashboard
Leverage external dashboards to compare different scenarios and conduct a more thorough analysis of the results. These dashboards enable the review and plotting of wells with highly configurable options, facilitating the swift identification of wells/layers with the most significant changes.
5.2.1.4 Files
Figure 124. Files Segment.
Generated files in the fit are exposed in this tab; three different file sections are shown: input, output, and output-csv. The files included in this section are utilized by the software to plot results and create tables.